Chart-driven Connectionist Categorial Parsing of Spoken Korean

While most of the speech and natural language systems which were developed for English and other Indo-European languages neglect the morphological processing and integrate speech and natural language at the word level, for the agglutinative languages such as Korean and Japanese, the morphological processing plays a major role in the language processing since these languages have very complex morphological phenomena and relatively simple syntactic functionality. Obviously degenerated morphological processing limits the usable vocabulary size for the system and word-level dictionary results in exponential explosion in the number of dictionary entries. For the agglutinative languages, we need sub-word level integration which leaves rooms for general morphological processing. In this paper, we developed a phoneme-level integration model of speech and linguistic processings through general morphological analysis for agglutinative languages and a efficient parsing scheme for that integration. Korean is modeled lexically based on the categorial grammar formalism with unordered argument and suppressed category extensions, and chart-driven connectionist parsing method is introduced.Comment: 6 pages, Postscript file, Proceedings of ICCPOL'9

Accuracy of Various Newer Pedometers Placed at Different Body Sites

Introduction: Pedometers are increasingly used as a self-monitoring aid for achieving and increasing daily physical activity. Older pedometers had varied levels of accuracy ranging from 0 to 45% difference and were needed to be positioned in a certain way (on the waist). Newer models can be placed anywhere on the body but its accuracy is unknown when they are placed at different bodily sites. Purpose: We determined the accuracy of various newer pedometers under controlled laboratory and free walking conditions. Method: A total of 40 subjects (20 male and 20 female) varying widely in age (18-61 years) and BMI (18-38 kg/m²) were studied. The pedometers, including Omron HJ-320BULK, Omron HJ-324U, Life Source XI-25, Fitbit Ultra, and Virgin Health Miles, were placed at waist, at chest, in a pocket, and on an armband. The number of steps recorded with the pedometers was compared against those counted with a hand tally counter while the subjects walked on the treadmill at 54, 80, 107, 134, and 161 m/min and on paved ground outside at a self-selected pace. Results: Overall, all pedometers displayed values that were within 9% of actual steps in all conditions when they were placed at waist, chest, and armband. However, when they were placed in a pocket, step counts deviated significantly from the hand counts by \u3e 11% in some models (Life Source, Fitbit, and Virgin Health) (PConclusions:All the pedometers examined were accurate when they were placed at waist, chest, and armband no matter what walking speed or what terrain they exercised. But some pedometers did not register accuracy when they were put in the pocket

Effect of walking speed and placement position interactions in determining the accuracy of various newer pedometers

AbstractOlder types of pedometers had varied levels of accuracy, which ranged from 0% to 45%. In addition, to obtain accurate results, it was also necessary to position them in a certain way. By contrast, newer models can be placed anywhere on the body; however, their accuracy is unknown when they are placed at different body sites. We determined the accuracy of various newer pedometers under controlled laboratory and free walking conditions. A total of 40 participants, who varied widely in age and body mass index, were recruited for the study. The numbers of steps recorded using five different pedometers placed at the waist, the chest, in a pocket, and on an armband were compared against those counted with a hand tally counter. With the exception of one, all the pedometers were accurate at moderate walking speeds, irrespective of their placement on the body. However, the accuracy tended to decrease at slower and faster walking speeds, especially when the pedometers were worn in the pockets or kept in the purse (p < 0.05). In conclusion, most pedometers examined were accurate when they were placed at the waist, chest, and armband irrespective of the walking speed or terrain. However, some pedometers had reduced accuracy when they were kept in a pocket or placed in a purse, especially at a slower and faster walking speeds

Development and Assessment of the Korean Author Recognition Test

This research reports the development and evaluation of a Korean Author Recognition Test (KART), designed as a measure of print exposure among young adults. Based on the original, English-language version of the Author Recognition Test (ART), the KART demonstrates significant relationships with offline measures of language ability, as well as online measures of word recognition. In particular, KART scores were related to participants\u27 responses on the Comparative Reading Habits (CRH) checklist, suggesting that KART is a valid measure of print exposure. In addition, KART scores showed reliable correlations with offline measures of vocabulary knowledge and language comprehension. Finally, results from a lexical decision task showed that KART scores modulated the magnitude of the word familiarity effect, such that the effect was smaller for participants with higher KART scores The results suggest that the ART is a language-universal task that measures print exposure, which is useful for explaining individual differences in language comprehension abilities and word recognition processes

Effect of silver coated gear train in space vehicle under ultra-high vacuum of 10-7 Torr

Gear train systems used in the lunar environment should be able to endure limiting conditions such as ultra-high vacuum with minimal energy dissipation. From this point of view, we have obtained the optimum thickness of a silver coating that can influence friction mechanisms of the gear and pinion. To clarify the sliding friction between the gear and pinion, a pin-on-disk tribometer that could be implemented in space tribological applications was constructed according to the specifications of ASTM G99-95a using a solid lubricant at a vacuum pressure of approximately 10-7 Torr. The friction characteristics were compared for atmospheric and vacuum environments. Through these results, an improved understanding of the friction mechanisms between the gears coated with silver is obtained. Moreover, an analysis of energy dissipation due to differences in the gear backlash was conducted

Therapeutic Sources of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration from Volumetric Muscle Loss: A Narrative Review

PURPOSE Minor skeletal muscle injuries can be repaired, but more extensive volumetric muscle loss (VML) leads to a permanent functional disability with ambiguous therapeutic outcomes, and reconstructive surgical procedures are constrained by donor tissue scarcity. This review assessed the considerable attention paid to biomaterials in healing damaged skeletal muscle. METHODS A comprehensive search in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library was conducted to obtain previous studies exploring the state of biocompatible tissue scaffolds for VML recovery. RESULTS By regenerating the function of damaged skeletal muscle, tissue-engineered skeletal muscle construction could revolutionize the treatment of VML. However, transporting cells into the wounded muscle location presents a significant challenge because it may result in unfavorable immunological reactions. The development and validation of several biomaterials with varying physical and chemical natures to treat various muscle injuries have recently been undertaken to overcome this problem. This review discusses the relative benefits of satellite cells (SC), the most prevalent skeletal muscle stem cells employed to seed scaffolds. CONCLUSIONS Biomaterials can be used with skeletal muscle stem cells and growth factors to repair VML because of their customizable and desirable physicochemical qualities. Owing to the capacity of SCs for self-renewal and their undifferentiated state, these cells are excellent candidates for cell therapy. A large gap exists between understanding SC behavior and how it can be used to repair and regenerate human skeletal muscle tissue. Thus, this review sought to portray the current knowledge on the lifespan of SCs and their involvement in exercise-induced muscle regeneration and hypertrophy

Implantation of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix with Resistance Training Effectively Repairs a Volumetric Muscle Loss

PURPOSE Skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative capacity in most minor injuries induced by mechanical laceration, overstretching, and toxins. However, volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury, a large volume of muscle loss beyond the self-repair capacity, causes functional disability and morphological deformities. This study investigated the effects of myofiber injection into a decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) and resistance training (RT) on skeletal muscle regeneration following VML injury. METHODS 6-months-old male Fischer CDF rats and 2-months-old F344-Tg (UBC-EGFP) rats (myofiber donors) were used in this study. Approximately 20% of the mass of the lateral gastrocnemius (LGAS) was excised and replaced by ECM of similar dimensions. Thirty myofibers were injected into the injured region seven days post-injury. Ladder climbing (RT) was allowed 10 days post-defect surgery, and the rats were subjected to ladder climbing with a weight every third day for 6 weeks. RESULTS After 56 days of recovery and exercise training, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of intact muscle in the EXE group (5,104±92 μm2) increased significantly compared to that in the ECM (4,657±79 μm2) group. The number of blood vessels larger than 20 μm in diameter, capillaries excluded, showed a significant difference between the ECM+EXE (34.25±4.2) and ECM (21.75±3.89) groups. A significant reduction of fibrosis in the ECM+EXE (44.50±1.6%) group was observed compared to the ECM (69.25±1.9%) and ECM+FIB+EXE (63.00±1.7%) groups. Moreover, the small muscle fiber area within the transplanted ECM was significantly larger in the ECM+EXE (1.37±0.03 mm2) than in both the ECM (0.49±0.01 mm2) and ECM+FIB (0.62±0.01 mm2) groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ECM transplantation with RT effectively repairs VML by enhancing hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and myofiber infiltration throughout the entire ECM

A Statistical Verification Method of Random Permutations for Hiding Countermeasure Against Side-Channel Attacks

As NIST is putting the final touches on the standardization of PQC (Post Quantum Cryptography) public key algorithms, it is a racing certainty that peskier cryptographic attacks undeterred by those new PQC algorithms will surface. Such a trend in turn will prompt more follow-up studies of attacks and countermeasures. As things stand, from the attackers' perspective, one viable form of attack that can be implemented thereupon is the so-called "side-channel attack". Two best-known countermeasures heralded to be durable against side-channel attacks are: "masking" and "hiding". In that dichotomous picture, of particular note are successful single-trace attacks on some of the NIST's PQC then-candidates, which worked to the detriment of the former: "masking". In this paper, we cast an eye over the latter: "hiding". Hiding proves to be durable against both side-channel attacks and another equally robust type of attacks called "fault injection attacks", and hence is deemed an auspicious countermeasure to be implemented. Mathematically, the hiding method is fundamentally based on random permutations. There has been a cornucopia of studies on generating random permutations. However, those are not tied to implementation of the hiding method. In this paper, we propose a reliable and efficient verification of permutation implementation, through employing Fisher-Yates' shuffling method. We introduce the concept of an n-th order permutation and explain how it can be used to verify that our implementation is more efficient than its previous-gen counterparts for hiding countermeasures.Comment: 29 pages, 6 figure